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Hawaiian crow
The Hawaiian crow or alalā (''Corvus hawaiiensis'') is a species of bird in the crow family, Corvidae, that is currently extinct in the wild. It is about the size of the carrion crow at 48–50 centimetres (19–20 in) in length,〔 but with more rounded wings and a much thicker bill. It has soft, brownish-black plumage and long, bristly throat feathers; the feet, legs and bill are black. Today, the Hawaiian crow is considered the most endangered of the family Corvidae. They are recorded to have lived up to 18 years in the wild, and 25 years in captivity. Some Native Hawaiians consider the Hawaiian crow an ''aumakua'' (family god).
The species is known for strong flying ability and resourcefulness, and the reasons for its extirpation are not fully understood. It is thought that introduced diseases, such as ''Toxoplasma gondii'', avian malaria (''Plasmodium relictum''), and fowlpox, were probably a significant factor in the species' decline.〔, 16 MB file. Pages are largely unnumbered but entry for "Alalā or Hawaiian Crow" is roughly on page 189.〕
==Distribution and habitat==
Before the Hawaiian crow became extinct in the wild, the species was found only in the western and southeastern parts of Hawaii. It inhabited dry and mesic forests on the slopes of Mauna Loa and Hualālai at elevations of 80 to 150 meters (3000 to 6000 feet). ''Ōhia lehua'' (''Metrosideros polymorpha'') and ''koa'' (''Acacia koa'') were important tree species in its wild habitat. Extensive understory cover was necessary to protect the 'alala from predation by the Hawaiian Hawk, or ''io'' (''Buteo solitarius).'' Nesting sites of the ‘alala received of annual rainfall. Fossil remains indicate that the Hawaiian crow previously was relatively abundant on all the main islands of Hawaii, along with four other extinct crow species.〔
The Hawaiian crow was also preyed on by rats and the small Asian mongooses (Herpestes javanicus). Feral cats that introduced Toxoplasma gondii to the birds can also prey on chicks that are unable to fly. As of 2012, the Hawaiian crow’s current population is 114 birds, the vast majority of which are in Hawaiian reserves.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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